The Role of Women in Buddhism :: essays research papers

In examining the Buddhism religion, particurally the role of women in Buddhism, it was quite an clear that the religion of Buddhism is make outd very different from country tocountry. Buddhism is a philosophical system of life expounded by Gautama Buddha (Buddha means enlightenedone), who lived and taught in northern Inda in the 6th Century B.C. The Buddha was not a god and the philosophy of Buddhism does not entail any theistic world-view. The teachings of the Buddha are aimed solely to liberate sentient beings from suffering. Women have been a part of Buddhism since the Buddha archetypal made his enlightenmentknow in Northeast India in the 6th century BC. Looking back to the earliest roots,several nuns and laywomen were among the Buddhas ablest and wisest Diceples.The everyday role of women in many countries is quite different from that defined inBuddhist scriptures. Pure Buddhist ideology The Buddah originally banned women from monastic practice (nuns) but later reversedhis dec ision, allowing them to practice in seperate quarters. The Buddist scriptures sayvery little about women, treating them as equals. In one scripture, the Visuddhi Magga, a monk asked, Reverend Sir, have you seen awoman oral sex this way? And the elder said Was it a woman or a man that passed thisway? I cannot tell. But this I know, a set of clappers is travelling upon this road.Although this verse attempts to show the equality of women on the spiratual path, therewas, and still is... sexual stereotypes present in the culture of Buddhist communities. By contrast to such(prenominal) bigoted practices that hinder spiritual development, Buddhism can be claimedto be the least discriminatory in attitudes towards women. There is no doubt at all that theBuddha was the first religious teacher who gave women equal and unfettered opportunities in thefield of spiritual development. Although He had on several occasions pointed out the naturaltendencies and weaknesses of women in general, He als o gave due credit to their abilities andcapabilities. He truly paved the way for women to lead a full religious life. This implied that theywere equally able to develop and mitigate their minds and realize the bliss of Nibbana as well asmen. This fact is amply proven by the testimonies of the Theris (Nuns) during the Buddhas time. The teachings of the Buddha did a great deal to wipe off legion(predicate) superstitious beliefs andmeaningless rites and rituals - which also included sacrifices - from the minds of many people.

Daniel Webster :: Essays Papers

Daniel WebsterBorn January 18, 1782, in Salisbury, New Hampshire, Daniel Webster was a central figure in the nations history. He successfully combined his political and legal career and compete a role as lawyer, congressman, orator, secretary of state, leader of two parties, and a presidential candidate. His father, recognizing that his son was more(prenominal) suited for scholastics than for farm life, ensured that Daniel received an education. Webster studied at the Phillips Exeter Academy before enrolling at Dartmouth in 1797. Webster eventually graduated from Dartmouth College in 1801. Webster opened a legal practice in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in1807. Rising promptly as a lawyer and Federalist party leader, Webster was elected in 1812 to the U.S. House of Representatives because of his opposition to the War of 1812, which had crippled New Englands shipping trade. After two more terms in the House, Webster left Congress in 1816 and moved to Boston. Over the next six year s, he won major constitutional cases before the authoritative Court most notably, Dartmouth College Vs. Woodward, Gibbons Vs Ogden, and McCulloch Vs. Maryland, establishing himself as the nations leading lawyer and an outstand outstanding orator.In 1823, Webster was returned to Congress from Boston, and in 1827 he was elected senator from Massachusetts. New circumstances enabled Webster to become a champion of American nationalism. With the Federalist party dead, he fall in the subject Republican party, allying himself with Westerner Henry CLAY and endorsing federal aid for roads in the West. In 1828, the dominant economic interests of Massachusetts having shifted from shipping to manufacturing, Webster backed the high-tariff bill of that year. Angry conspiracyern leaders condemned the tariff, and South Carolinas John C. CALHOUN argued that his state had the right to nullify the law. Replying to South Carolinas Robert HAYNE in a Senate debate in 1830, Webster triumphantly defen ded the Union. His words Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable won wide acclaim. Webster and President Andrew Jackson joined forces in 1833 to suppress South Carolinas attempt to nullify the tariff. But Webster and other opponents of Jackson--now known as Whigs (see WHIG PARTY, United States)--battled him on other issues, including his attack on the National Bank. Webster ran for the presidency in 1836 as one of three Whig party candidates but carried only Massachusetts. For the remainder of his career he aspired vainly to the presidency.

Imaging Techniques and Cognitive Function Essay examples -- Medicine

Neuro imaging is a multidiscipline science and experts from the field of psychology, statistics, physics and physiology all contribute to its further development (Poldrack et al., 2007). In the last 20 years the imaging techniques actual from single proton emission tomography (SPET) to positron emission tomography (PET) and finally to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (Page, 2006). Their applications are numerous in observational and cognitive psychology. However, at one level they can constitute another dependent variable (brain activity) as a response to an independent variable (stimulus manipulation) and at the other level, understanding the structure and processes of the brain can shed light on normal cognitive functioning (Kaye, 2010). Therefore, this essay bequeath argue that imaging techniques not only tell us about the brain structure but also try to explain its cognitive functions. Two non-invasive imaging techniques will be put forward, namely, electroencephal ogram (EEG) that measures galvanising activity and gives tenuous temporal resolution and fMRI that is based on changes in blood supply and provides excellent spatial resolution. The claim will be evaluated in the light of their basic assumptions, methodology and contribution to examining the brain function. Relevant evidence of studies with healthy adults will be provided. Finally, technologies that can only show the brain structure will be introduced.First, let us look at the electroencephalogram (EEG), which is based on recordings of electrical brain activity with millisecond temporal resolution and it provides the most direct measure correlate of ongoing brain processing that can be obtained non-invasively (Johnsrude and Hauk, 2010, p. 28). The ba... ...12 from http//web.ebscohost.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=1b047404-ffff-413f-b018-a4213e391053%40sessionmgr115&vid=2&hid=110 Page, M. A. (2006). What cant functional neuroimaging tell the cognitive p sychologist?. Cortex A Journal Devoted To The Study Of The Nervous System And Behavior, 42(3), 428-443. Retrieved May 5, 2012 fromhttp//www.sciencedirect.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S0010945208703757 Poldrack, R.A., Fletcher, P.C., Henson, R.N., Worsley, K.J., Brett, M. and Nichols, T.E. (2007). Guidelines for account an fMRI study. NeuroImage, 40 (2), 409-414. Retrieved May 5, 2012 from http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811907011020 Whatson, T. (2006) Studying the brain Techniques and technology. In Exploring the Brain (2nd ed.), 11-41, The Open University, Milton Keynes.